In this case both sources should be included in the citation. Occasionally this is not possible and you are obliged to use a secondary source that cites the original source. If possible, always cite the original source. for supporting the same idea, you separate the references with semicolon and list them chronologically. If you want to cite multiple sources with similar information, e.g.
Ĭiting multiple sources supporting the same idea in Nilsson and Carlsson (1998b) on the contrary. If you are citing an author that has published several works in the same year, you can differentiate the various works by adding a, b, c after the year. Multiple works by the same author published in the same year problem-based approach was successful (Hunter et al. To cite a paper written by Hunter, Smith and Johnsson: If a citation refers to a work by three or more authors, use the abbreviation "et al." after the first author instead of writing all the names. has shown that the two fenomenons correlate (Smith & Johnsson 2010) Andersson and Svensson (2019) found that birds in the area.In an active reference the & is replaced by "and". When the citation is put in parentheses, use an ampersand (&) between the two names. The structure of the European Union is often described in the shape of three pillars (Tallberg 2004).īoth author names should be included in the citation.This is usually called a passive reference, because the author has a passive role in the text. You can also put the author and publication year in parentheses at the end of the sentence, just before the period. The fictional writer Stephen King (2000) argues that to become a writer you must both read and write a lot.
This is usually called an active reference, because the author has an active role in the text. When using the Harvard style you can place the reference in the beginning of a sentence by naming the author in text and putting the publication year in parentheses. If you are unsure about the citation practice at your department, talk to your teacher or supervisor. Additional examples are available from University of Borås: Guide till Harvardsystemet (in Swedish only).įor an introduction to the Harvard system in English, see the Anglia Ruskin University guide. The following examples shows how to insert citations in your paper.
What is most important is that there is never any doubt about what source you refer to, and that you clearly show the reader what is your own thoughts and what you've gathered from other sources. The established practice is to add an in-text citation every time you use information from a new source. Harvard is a generic term for any reference style where the in-text reference is set within parenthesis, such as (Andersson 2019).
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